Industrialisation :The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labour is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. . It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale production.
The world has moved from an agrarian society to industrialized society and further to post-industrialized society. In the 21st century we are rather in the post industrialized state or second wave of advanced industrialization. Man and Machine Interaction In the post industrialized society man cannot imagine his life without machines. There is no area of modern man’s life that is not touched by machines. In an industry, quality of interaction between man and machine affects productivity. This is because in today’s industry machine and workers share the same workplace and to some extent work together.
At times the worker needs to just give commands and control the functioning of machines, at other times a worker might just play the role of a catalyst in starting the operation of the machine and in a completely automated factory a worker hardly has a role to play. In the earlier years man made machines to increase his capacity. But in today’s world of growing automation, machine is mimicking specific body parts of man for example – a crane works like his fingers, a shovel like a full arm, computer memory can retain unlimited facts and information. There are robots which can do multiple taske like cleaning, washing etc.
Problems of Man-machine Interaction: Machines have undoubtedly invaded our daily and professional life. That is a fact. Consequently, This has led to questions and fears for people. It is usual to hear on questions about: where are we going to with machines? Are machines going to totally replace us? Are they in contradiction with our way of life ? Industries like oil, chemicals and atomic energy where raw materials used are hazardous for human beings have become completely automated. Automation is the use of controlled systems such as computers to control industrial machinery and processes.
The new era has a number of industries where a series machines do the entire operation of a factory from the start to the finished product. This is called an Assembly line where from the making of the product to the packaging, to supplying is done by machines without human intervention. This automation leads to unemployment and boredom. The use of computers as teller machines has reduced the number of bank tellers from 480000 in 1983 to 301000 in 1993 in USA. A study by the Call Centre College and Lucent Technologies revealed that 28% of staff leave call centre jobs because of boredom as repetitive work is done.
One is unable to use his intellect and creativity and feels rusted out. Although automation has led to reduced number of workers needed yer man is required to coordinate, integrate, judge, decide, create and innovate for the welfare of mankind. Thus human beings are still the masters of production. Good morale of workers lead to higher production. The problem of man-machine interaction arises due to: • Inadequate training by operator • Poor levels of attitude and morale of workers affect man and machine interactions • Poor upkeep of machines • Poor industrial relations • Poor supervisory control • Poor working conditions Improper workload • Absence of incentives for higher productivity • Physical and mental fitness of the workers |NEGATIVE EFFECTS of Industrialisation | | | |[ Examples given here can be used for writing answers on pollution and global warming] | | | |In many ways, industrialization is negatively impacting our world today.
One impact of industrialization is the release of mercury into the world’s lakes from | |manufacturing, mining, fossil fuel combustion, and hazardous waste combustion. | | | |A certain example happened in Minimata Bay, in Japan. The Chisso Corporation, located in Kumamoto, dumped at least 27 TONS of mercury compounds into the Minimata | |bay.
It took Japan up to 40 years to compensate all the victims fully, and all throughout the 20th century people had to live with the, “Minimata Disease. ” Many | |died, many had deformities, and tons of others had to deal with physical and/or mental pain due to the disaster. | | | |[pic]This image shows some of the effects of Minamata Disease. | | | | |Senator John Kerry states: | |”In 22 states parents can’t take kids fishing and eat the fish if they’re lucky enough to catch anything because of mercury. Think about that. In 44% of all river | |bodies and streams its not safe to fish or swim.
And yet industrial polluters continue to block legislation that would prevent mercury and MTBE from polluting | |our water supplies and leaving children with debilitating diseases. ” | | | |[pic] | | | |This image is demonstrating the fact that lakes are being polluted by mercury from industries, which causes the fish to have mercury poisoning.
Because the fish | |are poisoned with mercury, if the fish are caught and eaten, the person who eats that fish will also be poisoned. | | | |Another disaster was at the power plant in Chernobyl. The industrial revolution led to many new technologies, lots of them dedicated to improving energy sources. | |This led to making power plants, some of them nuclear.
In Chernobyl, one of the power plants exploded in a horrible accident. 31 people died there, but over 1000 | |died from the radiation over time. | | | |The release of carbon dioxide into the air from factories pollutes the world’s air, harming the environment. Factory pollution is one of the causes of global | |warming, which is the theory that all around the world, the temperature on earth is increasing.
Global warming is the effect of two hundred years of burning fossil| |fuels, such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels released from factories prevent the heat on earth from escaping into space, causing the temperature to rise. | | | |[pic] | |This picture is showing the release of carbon dioxide and other fuels from factories into the earth’s atmosphere. | | |Alan Dundes says: | | | |”Cities all over the world are getting bigger as more and more people move from rural to urban sites, but that has created enormous problems with respect | |to environmental pollution, and the general quality of life. ” | | |Industrialization affected the modern world both positively and negatively. While it introduced machines to manufacturing, led to the buildings of factories and | |industries, created job opportunities, and caused advances in technology, there were also negative effects. Work hours were long, pay was low, working conditions | |were unsafe and unsanitary, and child labor was used. Also, industrialization has greatly polluted the planet from the release of gases from factories. | What is Global Warming?
Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. Causes of Global warming : [Refer to Ch-8, Human development and Environment Section] Effects of Global Warming Many of the following “harbingers” and “fingerprints” are now well under way: 1. Rising Seas— inundation of fresh water marshlands (the everglades), low-lying cities, and islands with seawater. . Changes in rainfall patterns — droughts and fires in some areas, flooding in other areas. See the section above on the recent droughts, for example! 3. Increased likelihood of extreme events— such as flooding, hurricanes, etc. 4. Melting of the ice caps — loss of habitat near the poles. Polar bears are now thought to be greatly endangered by the shortening of their feeding season due to dwindling ice packs. 5. Melting glaciers – significant melting of old glaciers is already observed. 6. Widespread vanishing of animal populations — following widespread habitat loss. . Spread of disease — migration of diseases such as malaria to new, now warmer, regions. 8. Bleaching of Coral Reefs due to warming seas and acidification due to carbonic acid formation — One third of coral reefs now appear to have been severely damaged by warming seas. 9. Loss of Plankton due to warming seas — The enormous (900 mile long) Aleution island ecosystems of orcas (killer whales), sea lions, sea otters, sea urchins, kelp beds, and fish populations, appears to have collapsed due to loss of plankton, leading to loss of sea lions, leading rcas to eat too many sea otters, leading to urchin explosions, leading to loss of kelp beds and their associated fish populations. Solutions [Note : Please refer to Eco-Friendly Technology section from your book (pg 167-170) ] • Boosting energy efficiency: The energy used to power, heat, and cool our homes, businesses, and industries is the single largest contributor to global warming. Energy efficiency technologies allow us to use less energy to get the same—or higher—level of production, service, and comfort. This approach has vast potential to save both energy and money, and can be deployed quickly. Greening transportation: The transportation sector’s emissions have increased at a faster rate than any other energy-using sector over the past decade. A variety of solutions are at hand, including improving efficiency (miles per gallon) in all modes of transport, switching to low-carbon fuels, and reducing vehicle miles traveled through smart growth and more efficient mass transportation systems. • Using renewables: Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy are available around the world. Multiple studies have shown that renewable energy has the technical potential to meet the vast majority of our energy needs.
Renewable technologies can be deployed quickly, are increasingly cost-effective, and create jobs while reducing pollution. • Phasing out fossil fuel electricity: Dramatically reducing our use of fossil fuels—especially carbon-intensive coal—is essential to tackle climate change. There are many ways to begin this process. Key action steps include: not building any new coal-burning power plants, initiating a phased shutdown of coal plants starting with the oldest and dirtiest, and capturing and storing carbon emissions from power plants.
While it may sound like science fiction, the technology exists to store carbon emissions underground. The technology has not been deployed on a large scale or proven to be safe and permanent, but it has been demonstrated in other contexts such as oil and natural gas recovery. Demonstration projects to test the viability and costs of this technology for power plant emissions are worth pursuing. • Managing forests and agriculture: Taken together, tropical deforestation and emissions from agriculture represent nearly 30 percent of the world’s heat-trapping emissions.
We can fight global warming by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and by making our food production practices more sustainable. • Exploring nuclear: Because nuclear power results in few global warming emissions, an increased share of nuclear power in the energy mix could help reduce global warming—but nuclear technology poses serious threats to our security and, as the accident at the Fukushima Diaichi plant in Japan illustrates to our health and the environment as well.
The question remains: can the safety, proliferation, waste disposal, and cost barriers of nuclear power be overcome? • Developing and deploying new low-carbon and zero-carbon technologies: Research into and development of the next generation of low-carbon technologies will be critical to deep mid-century reductions in global emissions. Current research on battery technology, new materials for solar cells, harnessing energy from novel sources like bacteria and algae, and other innovative areas could provide important breakthroughs. Ensuring sustainable development: The countries of the world—from the most to the least developed—vary dramatically in their contributions to the problem of climate change and in their responsibilities and capacities to confront it. A successful global compact on climate change must include financial assistance from richer countries to poorer countries to help make the transition to low-carbon development pathways and to help adapt to the impacts of climate change.
