Westernization Essay

Westernization Essay

Similarity with US General John C. Bates’s uniform.

Westernisation or Westernisation ( see spelling differences ) . besides occidentalization or occidentalisation ( from the Occident. intending the Western universe ; see “occident” in the lexicon ) . is a procedure whereby societies come under or follow Western civilization in countries such as industry. engineering. jurisprudence. political relations. economic sciences. life style. diet. linguistic communication. alphabet. faith. doctrine. and values. [ 1 ] Westernization has been a permeant and speed uping influence across the universe in the last few centuries. with some minds presuming Westernization to be the equivalent of modernisation. [ 2 ] a manner of idea that is frequently debated. The overall procedure of Westernization is frequently reversible in that Western influences and involvements themselves are joined with parts of the affected society. at lower limit. to alter towards a more Westernized society. in the hope of achieving Western life or some facets of it. To presume. nevertheless. Western societies are non affected or changed by this procedure and interaction with non-Western groups is misdirecting. Westernisation can besides be related to socialization and socialization. Acculturation is “the procedure of cultural and psychological alteration that takes topographic point as a consequence of contact between cultural groups and their single members. ” [ 3 ] After contact. alterations in cultural forms are apparent within one or both civilizations. Specific to Westernization and the non-Western civilization. foreign societies tend to follow alterations in their ain societal systems comparative to Western political orientation. life style. and physical visual aspect. along with legion other facets. and displacements in civilization forms can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western imposts and features – in other words. westernized. The phenomenon of Westernization does non follow any one particular form across societies as the grade of adaptation and merger with Western imposts will happen at changing magnitudes within different communities. [ 4 ] Specifically. the extent to which domination. devastation. opposition. endurance. version or alteration affect a native civilization may differ following inter-ethnic contact. In a state of affairs where a native civilization experiences devastation as a consequence of a more powerful outside force. a “shock phase” can frequently ensue from the brush. Such a stage is particularly characteristic during expansionist or colonialist epochs. During a daze stage. repression utilizing military force may take to a cultural prostration or ethnocide. a culture’s physical extinction. Harmonizing to Conrad Phillip Kottak. the Westerners “will effort to refashion the native civilization within their ain image. disregarding the fact that the theoretical accounts of civilization that they have created are inappropriate for scenes outside of Western civilization. ” [ 5 ] merely one representation of the perchance harmful effects of Westernization.

We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically
For You For Only $13.90/page!


order now

Contentss

1 Definition of the West
1. 1 Territorial
1. 2 Different positions
1. 2. 1 Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization
1. 2. 2 Edward Said and Westernization
1. 3 Personal
2 Procedure of Westernisation
2. 1 Colonisation ( 1492–1960s )
2. 1. 1 Europeanization
2. 1. 2 Westernisation in Asia
2. 2 Globalization ( 1960s–present )
3 Consequences
4 Examples of Occidentalizing Leaderships
5 See besides
6 Mentions
7 Further reading














Definition of the West
Territorial

The “West” was originally defined as the Western universe. Ancient Romans distinguished between Oriental ( Eastern. or Asiatic ) cultures that inhabited contemporary Egypt and Occidental civilizations that lived in the West. A thousand old ages subsequently. the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other states. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the Western canon when their shops of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the Renaissance. Although Russia converted to Christianity in tenth century. the West expanded to include it to the full when Peter the Great deeply reformed the country’s authorities. the church and modernised the society thanks to the thoughts brought from the Netherlands. [ 6 ] Today. most modern utilizations of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical. lingual. and philosophical posterities. typically included are those states whose cultural individuality and dominant civilization are derived from European civilization. However. though sharing in similar historical background. it would be wrong to see the Western universe as a massive axis. as many cultural. lingual. spiritual. political. and economical differences exist between Western states and populations. Western civilization is normally said to include Northern America ( U. S. A. and Canada ) . Europe ( at least the European Union. EFTA states. European microstates ) . Australia and New Zealand. The definition is frequently widened. and can include these states. or a combination of these states: European states outside of the EU and EFTA – Due to mainly their rank in the Council of Europe. the European Vicinity Policy. the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and other administrations. these states are included in the definition of the West. They besides portion general European civilization with states organizing of EU. Latin America. Some states in Latin America are considered Western states. mostly because most of its peoples are racially descended from Europeans ( Spanish and Lusitanian colonists and ulterior in-migration from other European states ) . And therefore their society operates in a extremely Westernized manner. Indeed. most states in Latin America use their official linguistic communication. either in Spanish or Lusitanian. Harmonizing to the CIA -The World Factbook- . there has besides been considerable in-migration to Latin America from European states other than Spain and Portugal. ( For illustration. from Germany. Italy. the Netherlands. etc. See Immigration to Argentina. Immigration to Chile or Immigration to Brazil. ) .

[ 7 ] Turkey. Although geographically merely 3 % of Turkey lies in Europe. Turkey has a similar economic system. has a imposts brotherhood with the European Union in add-on to being an official campaigner for rank. and is a member of typical Western administrations such as OECD. Council of Europe. and NATO. It is normally a member of European administrations for athleticss and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. Israel. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Although geographically Israel is located in the Middle East South of Lebanon. Israel had many Judaic immigrants who were from Western states like the United States. Canada. United Kingdom. France and Germany. It is a member of the OECD. It is normally a member of European administrations for athleticss and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. Harmonizing to Sammy Smooha. a professor emeritus of sociology at Haifa University. Israel is described as a “hybrid. ” a modern and developed “semi-Western” province. With the transition of clip. he acknowledged. Israel will go ”more and more Western. ” But as a consequence of the on-going Arab-Israeli difference. full Westernization will be a slow procedure in Israel. [ 9 ] Lebanon. Although geographically Lebanon is located in the Middle East North of Israel. Lebanon has about 40 % Christians who are to a great extent influenced both culturally and socially by Western states ( peculiarly France with whom they portion historical ties dating every bit early as the Crusader’s province of County of Tripoli founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse that encompassed most of present twenty-four hours Lebanon. The Gallic bequest within the whole Lebanese society is the widespread fluent cognition of the Gallic linguistic communication ) . Western influence brought in by the country’s Christians spread to the remainder of its population. doing today’s Lebanon a alone blend of East and West. Lebanon’s relatively progressive society and the civilization and characteristics of metropolitan Beirut. known as Paris of the Middle East. [ 10 ] are a testament to its Westernization. It is normally a member of European administrations for cultural events such as the Eurovision Song Contest. [ 11 ] South Africa. Due to the high influence of European civilization in topographic points like South Africa. it could be said that the state is Western or has achieved Westernization. Furthermore. White South Africans of European beginning make up approximately 9 % of South Africa. Another 9 % are of assorted race. Unlike Black South Africans who’ve maintained their ain native linguistic communications. most assorted South Africans speak Afrikaans as a first linguistic communication. Likewise. most Indian South Africans speak English natively today. Therefore. it can be argued that this corporate 20 % of native English and Afrikaans talkers ( both European-derived ) live in to a great extent Western influenced civilizations. Similarly. Whites and coloureds are over 10 % of Namibia. They chiefly speak Afrikaans and German as a first linguistic communication. In add-on to that. many Black South Africans and Namibians speak European linguistic communications. e. g. Afrikaans and English. fluently and are besides considered talkers of those linguistic communications. [ commendation needed ] Widening the definition may do contentions.

Different positions
Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization

In contrast to territorial word picture. others. like the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington ( see The Clash of Civilizations ) . see what is “Western” based on spiritual association. such as holding the majority-Orthodox Christian portion of Europe and North America the West. and making 6 other civilisations. including Latin America. Confucian. Nipponese. Islamic. Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. to form the remainder of the Earth. [ 12 ] Edward Said and Westernization

In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the procedure of colonisation. an exercising of essentializing a “subject race” in order to more efficaciously rule them. Said references Arthur Balfour. the British Prime Minister from 1902-1905. who regarded the rise of patriotism in Egypt in the late nineteenth century as counterproductive to a “benevolent” system of occupational regulation. Balfour frames his statement in favour of continued regulation over the Egyptian people by appealing to England’s great “understanding” of Egypt’s civilisation and purporting that England’s cultural strengths complimented and made them natural higher-ups to Egypt’s racial lacks. Sing this claim. Said says. “Knowledge to Balfour means appraising a civilisation from its beginnings to its premier to its decline—and of class. it means being able to…The object of such cognition is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny ; this object is a ‘fact’ which. if it develops. alterations. or otherwise transforms itself… [ the civilisation ] nevertheless is basically. even ontologically stable. To hold such cognition of such a thing is to rule it. ” The act of claiming coherent cognition of a society in consequence objectifies and others it into marginalisation. doing people who are classified into that race as “almost everyplace about the same. ” Said besides argues that this relationship to the “inferior” races. in fact. works to besides strengthen and do coherent what is meant by “the West” ; if “The Oriental is irrational. depraved ( fallen ) . childlike. “different…” so “…the European is rational. virtuous. mature. normal. ” Thus. “the West” acts as a building in the similar manner as does “the Orient”—it is a created impression to warrant a peculiar set of power dealingss. in this instance the colonisation and regulation of a foreign state.

A different position on the Western universe is non specifying it by its district. but by its people group. as these tend to differ in an progressively globalised universe. This position highlights the non-Western population in states with a Western bulk. or frailty versa. The Boers for case can be regarded as Western dwellers of South Africa.

Procedure of Westernisation

King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan attempted to Occidentalize his state in the 1920s. but tribal rebellions caused his stepping down Colonisation ( 1492–1960s )

Europeanization

From 1492 onward. Europeanization and colonialism spread bit by bit over much of the universe and controlled different parts during this five centuries long period. colonising or subjecting the bulk of the Earth. The two World Wars weakened the European powers to such extent that many settlements strove for independency. frequently inspired by chauvinistic motions. A period of decolonization started. At the terminal of the sixtiess. most settlements were independent. Those new provinces frequently adopted some facets of Western political relations such as the acceptance of a fundamental law. while often responding against Western civilization.

Westernisation in Asia

General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism. protectionism or embracing to changing grades. States such as Korea and China attempted to follow a system of isolationism but have finally juxtaposed parts of Western civilization into their ain. frequently adding original and alone societal influences. as exemplified by the debut of over 1. 300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food concatenation McDonald’s into China. [ 13 ] Specific to Taiwan. the industry of nuptial picture taking ( see Photography in Taiwan ) has been significantly influenced by the Western thought of “love. ” As examined by writer Bonnie Adrian. Chinese nuptial exposure of today provide a work stoppage contrast to past recognized norms. modern-day twosomes frequently exposing great physical fondness and. at times. placed in typically Western scenes to augment the modernness. in comparing to the historically outstanding relationship. frequently stoic and distant. exhibited between bride and groom. [ 14 ] Though Western constructs may hold ab initio played a function in making this cultural displacement in Taiwan. the market and desire for espousal picture taking has non continued without accommodations and societal alterations to this Western impression. In Japan. the Netherlands continued to play a cardinal function in conveying Western know-how to the Nipponese from the seventeenth century to the mid-19th century. as the Japanese had opened their doors merely to Dutch merchandisers before US Navy Captain. Commodore Perry’s visit in 1852. After Commodore Perry’s visit. Japan began to intentionally accept Western civilization to the point of engaging Westerners to learn Western imposts and traditions to the Nipponese starting in the Meiji epoch. Many Nipponese politicians have since besides encouraged the Westernization of Japan utilizing the term Datsu-A Ron. which means the statement for “leaving Asia” or “Good-bye Asia” . In Datsu-A Ron. “Westernization” was described as an “unavoidable” but “fruitful” alteration. After Japan’s resignation to the USA and its Alliess ended World War II. the Westernization procedure of Nipponese civilization was farther intensified and today. Japan is notably among the most Westernized states in Asia. [ commendation needed ] However. in contrast. despite many progresss in industrial efficiency. Japan has managed to prolong a civilization of rigorous societal hierarchy and limited individualization. [ 15 ] Furthermore. Iran’s effort to occidentalize. which was dictated by the Shah. was partially responsible for the Persian Revolution. Globalization ( 1960s–present )

Westernisation is frequently regarded as a portion of the on-going procedure of globalisation. This theory proposes that Western idea has led to globalization. and that globalization propagates Western civilization. taking to a rhythm of Westernization. On top of mostly Western authorities systems such as democracy and fundamental law. many Western engineerings and imposts like music. vesture and autos have been introduced across assorted parts of the universe and copied and created in traditionally non-Western states like Japan. China. India. etc. The chief features are economic and political ( free trade ) democratization. combined with the spread of an individualized civilization. Often it was regarded as antonym to the world-wide influence of Communism. After the break-up of the USSR in late 1991. many of its constituent provinces and Alliess however underwent Westernization. including denationalization of hitherto collectivist industry. With arguments still traveling on. the inquiry of whether globalisation can be characterized as Westernisation can be seen in assorted facets. Globalization is go oning in assorted facets. runing from economic sciences. political relations and even to nutrient or civilization. Westernisation. to some schools. is seen as a signifier of globalisation that leads the universe to be similar with Western powers. Bing globalized agencies taking positive facets of the universe. but globalisation besides brings about the argument about being Westernized. Democracy. fast nutrients. American pop-culture can all be illustrations that are considered as Westernization of the universe.

Consequences

Due to the colonization of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans. the cultural. cultural and lingual makeup of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most seeable in colonist settlements such as the United States of America. Argentina. Australia. Chile and New Zealand. where the traditional autochthonal population has been preponderantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous colonists. This demographic coup d’etat in colonist states has frequently resulted in the lingual. societal. and cultural marginalization of autochthonal people. However. even in states where big populations of autochthonal people remain or the autochthonal peoples have mixed ( ladino ) well with European colonists. such as Bolivia. Guatemala. Mexico. Peru and Ecuador. marginalization still exists. But continued in-migration to eventual “white” bulk parts like Costa Rica made these civilizations have a castizo or a more Europeanized-mestizo background. [ commendation needed ] Due to colonization and European in-migration. the prevailing native linguistic communications in the Americas. Australia. New Zealand. Northern Asia and portion of South Africa and Central Asia. are now normally European linguistic communications or Creoles based on them: English ( United States and Canada without French-speaking Quebec ) English – Australia and New Zealand or English along with English-based Creole linguistic communications ( Jamaica and most of the West Indies. Guyana ) . Gallic ( Quebec. New Brunswick and parts of Ontario in Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) ; Gallic along with French-based Creole linguistic communications ( Gallic Guiana. Guadeloupe. Martinique and Saint-Barthelemy ) . Spanish ( Hispanic America. although in Paraguay most people are bilingual with Guarani and there are more Guarani talkers than Spanish talkers ) . Lusitanian ( Brazil ) .

Russian – ( Northern Asia and parts of Central Asia ) .
Dutch along with Creole linguistic communications ( Suriname. Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles ) . Afrikaans along with English ( parts of South Africa ) .
Many autochthonal linguistic communications are on the brink of going nonextant. However. some colonist states have gone to lengths to continue autochthonal linguistic communications. for illustration. in New Zealand the Maori linguistic communication is one of three functionary linguistic communications. the others being English and New Zealand mark linguistic communication.

Examples of Occidentalizing Leaderships

Emperor Meiji
Peter The Great
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Guangxu Emperor
Sun Yat-sen
Deng Xiaoping
Mikhail Gorbachev
Reza Shah Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Emperor Gojong








Socialization
Africanisation is the alteration of names to break reflect an African individuality. Americanization is the influence the United States of America has on other civilizations. Anglicization is the procedure of doing something English.

Anti-Americanism represents a ill will towards the authorities. civilization. or people of the U. S. A. Anti-globalisation
Arabisation transforms an country into 1 that speaks Arabic and is portion of the Arab civilization.

Colonial outlook

Colonialism
Colonization
Colourism
Creolisation
Cultural assimilation
Cultural cringe ( Cultural Alienation )
Cultural diverseness
Cultural race murder
Cultural individuality
Cultural imperialism
Culture of Europe
Romanisation. the spread of Roman civilization and linguistic communication.
Culture of the United States
Datsu-A Ron
Democratic peace theory is a theory which holds that democracies ( about ) ne’er go to war with one another. Democratization
de-Russification is a procedure in the post-Soviet states to change by reversal the procedure of Russification. Diseases of richness are diseases thought to be a consequence of increasing wealth.














Socialization

Ethnocide
Europeanization can either intend the procedure of transforming a society into a more European society or the procedure of growing towards a European individuality in Europe. Francisation is the procedure of giving a Gallic character to something or person. Germanisation is defined as either the spread of the German linguistic communication and civilization. or the version of a word to the German linguistic communication. Gharbzadegi

Globalisation/Mundialisation
Hellenisation. the spread of Grecian civilization and linguistic communication.
Intercultural competency
Islamisation the procedure of a society’s transition to Islam. Japanisation is the procedure in which Nipponese civilization dominates. assimilates. or influences other civilizations. Kicking Away the Ladder
Korenisation or Korenizatsiya was the early Soviet ethnicity policy. Language displacement
Magyarisation or Magyarization is distributing the Magyar linguistic communication and civilization in general. McDonaldization
Melting pot
Modernization
Multiculturalism
Non-Westernized constructs of male gender as opposed to Westernized construct of sexual orientations North-South divide is the socio-economic division which exists between the wealthy developed “North” and the poorer developing “South” Paper Bag Party








Passing ( racial individuality )
Polonisation is the premise or assimilation of the Polish linguistic communication or another Polish property. Race
Racialism ( Racial classification )
Racism
Latinisation is a system for stand foring a word or linguistic communication with the Latin alphabet. or the traditions of the Latin Rite into Eastern Catholic Church Liturgies and patterns. Romanianization is the procedure of giving Rumanian properties to something non-Romanian. Russification is an acceptance of the Russian linguistic communication or some other Russian property by non-Russian communities.
Sinicisation is the procedure in which Chinese civilization dominates or influences other civilizations. Slovakisation is the policies of Czechoslovakia so Slovakia against the cultural Hungarians at that place. Social readings of race




Syncretism
Turkification is a cultural alteration in which something or person who is non a Turk becomes one. voluntarily or by force. Ukrainisation was the policy conducted by the Bolshevik party and the Government of the Ukrainian SSR during the 1920s and 1930s to increase the presence of Ukraine.

Mentions
1. Thong. Tezenlo. “‘To Raise the Savage to a Higher Degree: ’ The Westernization of Nagas and Their Culture. ” Modern Asian Studies 46. no. 4 ( July 2012 ) : 893-918 2. Hayford. Charles. “Westernization” . in David Pong. erectile dysfunction. . Encyclopedia of Modern China. Charles Scribner’s Sons. 3. “Aculturation” . Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Oxford: Elsevier Science & A ; Technology. 4. McLeish. Kenneth. “Westernization” . Bloomsbury Guide to Human Thought. Bloomsbury. London. 5. Kottak. Conrad Phillip. ( 2005 ) . Window on Humanity. New York: McGraw-Hill 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //econc10. bu. edu/economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Russia/Westernization. hypertext markup language 7. “CIA – The World Factbook — Field Listing – Ethnic groups” . Retrieved 2008-02-20. 8. Richard T. Arndt. David Lee Rubin ( 1996 ) . The Fulbright difference. Surveies on cultural diplomatic negotiations and the Fulbright experience. Transaction Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 9781560008613. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 9. Sheldon Kirshner ( 2013-10-16 ) . “Is Israel Really a Western Nation? ” . Sheldon Kirshner Journal. Retrieved 2013-11-09. 10. “Paris of the E? More like Athens on speed” . The Guardian. 11. “Lebanon withdraws from Eurovision” . BBC News Online. 2005-03-18. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 12. Graham. James. “Samuel P. Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations” . History Orb. Retrieved 12 April 2013. 13. “McDonald’s China Plans To Open A New Store Every Day In Four Years” . Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 April 2013. 14. Adrian. Bonnie ( 2003 ) . Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan’s Bridal Industry. Los Angeles. CA: University of California Press. 15. Dore 1984. Integrity and Diversity in World Culture in Bull & A ; Watson explosive detection systems.
Expansion of International society. OUP. P 416 Gunewardene. Huon. and Zheng ( 2001 ) . Exposure to Westernization and Dieting: A Cross-cultural Study. Int. J. Eat. Disord. . 29: pp. 289–293. Khondker ( 2004 ) . Glocalization as Globalization: Development of a Sociological Concept. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Volume 1. Number 2. pp. 12–20. Further reading

The Idea of the West ( 2004 ) . written by Alastair Bonnett ( Palgrave ) The Decline of the West ( 1918 ) . written by Oswald Spengler.
The End of History and the Last Man ( 1992 ) . written by Francis Fukuyama. The Clash of Civilizations ( 1996 ) . written by Samuel P. Huntington. The Triumph of the West ( 1985 ) written by Oxford University historian J. M. Roberts. Ankerl. Guy ( 2000 ) . Global communicating without cosmopolitan civilisation. INU social research. Vol. 1: Coexistent modern-day civilisations: Arabo-Muslim. Bharati. Chinese. and Western. Geneve: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.



Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published.

*
*
*

x

Hi!
I'm Beba

Would you like to get such a paper? How about receiving a customized one?

Check it out